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Sociology · Sociology Themes and Perspectives (Haralambos and Holborn)

Chapter 3 : 'Race', ethnicity and nationality

Table of contents72 sections
  1. 1.'Race', ethnicity and nationality
  2. 2.Introduction
  3. 3.Key Terms
  4. 4.📌 Exam Tidbits
  5. 5.'Race'
  6. 6.Biological theories of 'race'
  7. 7.Genetics and 'race'
  8. 8.Attitudes to 'race'
  9. 9.John Richardson and John Lambert - sociology and 'race'
  10. 10.Key Terms
  11. 11.📌 Exam Tidbits
  12. 12.Migration and 'race' relations
  13. 13.Migration
  14. 14.Britain's population and ethnic groups
  15. 15.Assimilation
  16. 16.Stephen Castles and Godula Kosack - a Marxist view of migration
  17. 17.Stephen Castles and Mark Miller - The Age of Migration
  18. 18.Robin Cohen - Migration and its Enemies
  19. 19.Key Terms
  20. 20.📌 Exam Tidbits
  21. 21.Ethnicity
  22. 22.Thomas Hylland Eriksen - the nature of ethnicity
  23. 23.John Richardson - ethnicity and classification systems
  24. 24.Steve Fenton - the strength of ethnicity
  25. 25.Ethnographic studies of ethnicity
  26. 26.James McKay - primordial and mobilisationist explanations of ethnicity
  27. 27.Thomas Hylland Eriksen - the ascription and achievement of ethnicity
  28. 28.Michael E. Brown - ethnic conflict
  29. 29.An evaluation of the ethnicity approach
  30. 30.Key Terms
  31. 31.📌 Exam Tidbits
  32. 32.Racism
  33. 33.Introduction
  34. 34.Legislation
  35. 35.The extent of racism
  36. 36.Inequalities between ethnic groups in Britain
  37. 37.Theories of racism
  38. 38.Islamophobia, British Asians and racism
  39. 39.Key Terms
  40. 40.📌 Exam Tidbits
  41. 41.Nationalism and identity
  42. 42.The importance of nationalism
  43. 43.David McCrone - the sociology of nationalism
  44. 44.Robin Cohen - fuzzy frontiers and identity
  45. 45.Andrew Pilkington - globalisation and identity in Britain
  46. 46.New ethnicities and identities
  47. 47.Key Terms
  48. 48.📌 Exam Tidbits
  49. 49.Modernity, postmodernity, racism, ethnicity and identity
  50. 50.Zygmunt Bauman - Modernity and the Holocaust
  51. 51.David Theo Goldberg - Racist Culture
  52. 52.Ali Rattansi - a 'postmodern' frame
  53. 53.Kenan Malik - a critique of postmodern theories
  54. 54.Key Terms
  55. 55.📌 Exam Tidbits
  56. 56.Minority ethnic groups in the labour market and stratification system
  57. 57.Discrimination in the labour market
  58. 58.Minority ethnic groups and the underclass
  59. 59.Marxist approaches
  60. 60.An evaluation of the underclass and Marxist theories
  61. 61.Key Terms
  62. 62.📌 Exam Tidbits
  63. 63.'Race', ethnicity, social policy and social theory
  64. 64.'Race' and immigration
  65. 65.Integration and assimilation
  66. 66.Multiculturalism
  67. 67.Postmodernism and difference
  68. 68.The Parekh Report
  69. 69.Multiculturalism and contemporary politics
  70. 70.Key Terms
  71. 71.📌 Exam Tidbits
  72. 72.Quick-Recall Box

Chapter preview

'Race', ethnicity and nationality

Introduction

  • Racism and conflict between ethnic and national groups have long been a feature of human societies.
  • Historical and contemporary examples of conflict and inequality:
  • 1601: Queen Elizabeth I issued a proclamation stating that 'Negroes and blackamoors' should be deported from England because they were 'infidels' contributing to economic and social problems (e.g., poverty, famine).
  • 18th century: Historian Philip D. Curtin (1965) noted that 9.5 million Africans were transported across the Atlantic as slaves to North and South America and the Caribbean.
  • Writer and traveller John Taylor described black slaves in Jamaica as 'these ignorant pore souls' who differed 'from bruite beast, only by their shape and speech'.
  • 1884: The Encyclopaedia Britannica claimed the African 'Negro' occupied the lowest position in the evolutionary scale, supposedly demonstrated by abnormally long arms and lightweight brains.
  • 1844/5: Frederick Engels (Karl Marx's collaborator) described the Irish as inferior in The Condition of the Working Class in England.
  • 1901: London writer Joseph Bannister in England Under the Jews described Jews as 'Yiddish money pigs' unwilling to take baths and prone to skin and blood diseases. In a private letter, he wrote: "It is a pity that some kind of vermin exterminator could not be invented by which your vile breed could be eliminated."
  • 1927: Hitler completed Mein Kampf, outlining his view that true Germans were Aryans, corrupted by inferior races such as Slavs and Jews.
  • 1935: The Nuremberg Laws withdrew the civil rights of Jews and forbade mixed marriages between Jews and Aryans. The 'Final Solution' involved gassing millions of Jews, gypsies, homosexuals, and others in concentration camps (Auschwitz, Belsen and Dachau).
  • 1990s: Civil war broke out in Yugoslavia between Muslims, Croatians and Serbs over boundaries and ethnic composition. In Bosnia, ethnic cleansing occurred as Bosnian Serbs besieged towns (Gorazde, Srebrenica and Sarajevo).
  • Late 1990s: Serbia engaged in ethnic cleansing in Kosovo; hundreds of thousands of ethnic Albanians became refugees. NATO (USA, UK, France, Germany) went to war with Serbia.
  • Northern…
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Chapter 4 : Poverty, social exclusion and the welfare state